AGV and AMR are becoming more complex

Industry 4.0 and Intralogistics 4.0. change the production environment and thus impact AGVs (Automated Guided Vehicles) and AMRs (Autonomous Mobile Robots). To enable the industry to keep pace with trends through quick and cost-efficient development, Markus Fenn and Prof. Dr. Stefan May developed Eduard, a teaching and prototyping platform that can be used to map current trends.

BS: How did your robot platform come about?
Markus Fenn: The robot itself is called Eduard, he’s about 40 x 40 x 15 cm in size and weighs almost 8 kg. He is the result of a company making an inquiry with Prof. Stefan May. The company needed a platform to educate and train its employees on mobile robotics. That is why EduArt Robotik GmbH also comes with a range of teaching and service offerings for testing and optimization, in addition to the robot platform.

The platform offers simple rubber tires as well as mecanum wheels. These allow the robot to turn on the spot, and drive sideways or diagonally. This enables exact positioning and navigation in very tight spaces. The rubber tires are mainly used for testing in outdoor areas or in rescue robotics, but only in pretend scenarios. The use of high-quality FAULHABER motors is ideal for both applications.

BS: What makes your robot platform unique?

Markus Fenn: The platform has open interfaces, an integrated sensor concept with integrated distance and inertial measuring devices, and an integrated battery management system (BMS). This basic equipment can be expanded at the customer’s request, either by us or the customer himself. This allows the customer to, for example, select the gear ratio of the drive, whether 72:1 or 89:1, depending on the speed or torque required. This enables the customer to cost-efficiently test his new concepts. But we are also helping with the implementation of application solutions.

BS: How relevant is the use of EduArt in the industry?

Markus Fenn: AGV and AMR are becoming more and more important for automation, but unfortunately, companies are largely uninformed. The robot platform, for example, makes it possible to test a new sensor system quickly and easily. And because the platform can virtually be expanded as needed, it can bring the relevant knowledge into production.

Markus Fenn

BS: The trends for AGVs and AMRs are towards more autonomy. They are ‘becoming’ a production component and work with production modules instead of conveyor belts. So AGVs and AMRs work together out of necessity. Are they able to understand each other?

Markus Fenn: AGVs and AMRs have the VDA5050 standard interface and can thus also communicate with the control center. Customers can easily test new software using a platform like Eduard, and the results can then be transferred 1:1 to large AGVs and AMRs. Applications can thus be evaluated without much simulation, because the software essentially remains the same, whether with Eduard or with a large system. A digital twin helps with the planning and expansion and is available with the platform on request.

BS: Eduard’s drive systems also must meet the future requirements of AGV and AMR concepts. Which drive systems do you use for the platform and why?

Markus Fenn: For our training and PoC platform, we use DC-micromotors with precious metal commutation from FAULHABER. Despite their small size, they can generate a large amount of torque and are particularly power-efficient. They are also easy to control and are suitable for high-precision control loops.

For larger platforms, we use large DC motors from the same manufacturer to enable a quick proof of concept, for example., easy controllability with your own electronics. If necessary, we then replace these with BLDC motors for the application, as these are maintenance-free and durable.

BS: For a long time, production has been characterized by decreasing lot sizes and a greater number of variants. What effects does this have on logistics and on the functionality of AGVs and AMRs?

Markus Fenn: You need robots for smaller loads, for example, smaller robots with smaller but more powerful drives, like the high-quality drives from FAULHABER. These autonomous industrial trucks have fewer electronics and smaller batteries, which means lower weight and decreased energy consumption. If the loads get higher again, it is easy to scale up and work as a unit, as the robots can work together collision-free thanks to high-precision drives.

BS: More functionality requires more complexity in AGVs and AMRs: What is feasible and what makes sense?

Markus Fenn: When it comes to AGVs and AMRs, only the software is complex. What is important is the planning, so that the AGVs can work together seamlessly. To ensure that they not only recognize pallets, but also see whether they are full, empty, or perhaps tilted, the AGV must be as intelligent as possible. This is where AI comes into play. The complexity increases using AI, and our small robot is ideal for testing this efficiently.

BS: Another trend is towards larger automated fleets, and for that you need fleet management.

Markus Fenn: For this, the robots must interact with each other, ‘think’ themselves, exchange information through standard interfaces and, if necessary, cooperate. Whether the AGV/AMR is small or large, the software is essentially the same, the difference in the programs is only a few lines. The software only needs a little information about the AMR. For example, it must calculate where the robot is located on the hall plan. The navigation, which is one of the few components that knows the dimensions of the robot, then searches for the appropriate path. However, testing is always important because mobile robotics is in its infancy, which is why there are not that many standards yet.

To reach the required speed, the motor controller calculates the number of wheel revolutions required. Adjusting this takes three lines of code or a configuration file. FAULHABER supplies motors with high-precision gearheads and encoders for precise positioning, and together they provide optimum performance and safety.

BS: Intralogistics 4.0/Industry 4.0 require networked AGVs and AMRs: What about operating through the cloud or even better through the edge? And how does security/hacking factor into those scenarios?

Markus Fenn: Depending on the manufacturer, the systems can be made “unhackable” to a certain extent by separating the hardware from the Internet. Robots have safety scanners with distance sensors so they don’t hit the wall. This means that even if hacked, the robot cannot perform any dangerous movements. And the process data is as secure in the network as the company network itself.

BS: The goal for Industry 4.0 is self-organizing, heterogeneous, multimodal systems. These require data exchange between AGVs and AMRs, and the AI also needs data. What are the requirements for FAULHABER components, as they also must collect and forward data?

Markus Fenn: This takes place through 5G or through the company’s internal WLAN. The systems do not need the data in real time because the data from the planning phase is available, for example, the routes and speeds are available in the system in the route planning and do not change continuously. If the robot moves from one point to the next, a sign of life every few seconds is all it takes. So, there’s less data traffic in order not to overload the networks. The data itself is merged on the AMR and evaluated there. Encoders record what is happening and ensure safe control with the controllers.

BS: How safe are AGVs and AMRs?

Markus Fenn: Very safe. If one of the four motors fails, the motor controller recognizes it and stops the drive. If a person enters the driving area, this is recognized by the laser scanner and the system brakes. These two security levels are enough.

BS: Where is research still needed to develop future AGVs and AMRs and how will your test platform change under these requirements? At the same time, the demands on drives are also increasing. What about the drive of the future?

Markus Fenn: Robots need to be better networked with each other. For example, four robots work together on a transport task, according to the motto: many smaller robots instead of one large one. For this you need a greater number of smaller motors that must work with absolute precision, otherwise, the robot swarm will stumble or lose its synchronization. To improve reliability, encoders must be absolutely immune to interference so that robots are not influenced by external interferences. For this reason, FAULHABER sometimes uses two encoders on each motor.

If you take the different gearhead variants from FAULHABER with their different lengths and diameters, together with encoders, controllers, and so on, you can mathematically generate 25 million combinations, a considerable number of which have already been implemented at FAULHABER. This means that every company can find the optimal drives, also for future applications.